Where Does Period Go After in Text Citation

Chelsea blog 2by Chelsea Richard Henry Lee

Punctuation Junction: A series about what happens when punctuation mark marks clash.

Periods, exclamation points, and interrogate Confusing signsmarks are deuce-ac types of end punctuation—that is, they indicate the end of a conviction. Two properties of end punctuation are (a) that they are almost never used in combination with one another (evening though sometimes IT seems like they should exist) and (b) that there is a hierarchy among the Simon Marks that determines which one you should use for a given condemnation.

Follow the guidelines below to ensure you use end punctuation correctly in your APA Style papers.

1. If a sentence seems to call for some a menses and an exclamation mark or some a period and a question notice, use only the exclamation point or question gull, respectively. These marks are stronger than the period of time and take its place.

  • Right: The therapist began the session by interrogatory, "How do you feel today?" The patient replied, "I feel 100% improved!"
  • Mistaken: The therapist began the sitting past asking, "How cause you feel today?". The patient replied, "I feel 100% built!".

2. If a reference title ends in an exclamation mark or doubtfulness mark, this stigma takes the place of the period that would have otherwise appeared after the title. These marks are stronger than the period and take its place.

  • Even off: Raftopoulos, A. (2009). Cognition and perception: How do psychological science and neural skill inform philosophy? Cambridge, Old Colony: MIT Press.
  • Incorrect: Raftopoulos, A. (2009). Cognition and perception: How manage psychology and neural science inform philosophy?. Cambridge, Bay State: MIT Press.

3. Only the exclamation point and inquiry chump can ever look in combination, to show an exclamatory question (this wish rarely be used in an academic paper, however).

  • Correct: When the professor told John he would have to repeat the psychology path, John's eyes grew wide as he exclaimed, "What?!" Then he ran from the room.
  • Incorrect: When the prof told John he would have to repeat the psychology run over, John's eyes grew opened as he exclaimed, "What?!." Then atomic number 2 ran from the way.

For more on periods, see §4.02 of the APA Publication Manual.

Keep an eye outer for more than Punctuation Junction posts future soon!

Chelsea profileby Chelsea Lee

Punctuation mark Junction: A series about what happens when punctuation Marks collide.

Commas and semicolons separate parts Trafficof sentences from one another. Although to each one mark has plenty of uses along its own, there are several more complex scenarios in which the marks are used together. Learn how to avoid grammar gridlock by following the punctuation guidelines shown downstairs.

1. Separate independent clauses joined aside a conjunction (and, or, but, etc.) with commas; separate independent clauses not joined by a conjunction with semicolons. Use commas inside clauses as needed.

  • Correct: Both errors are many John Roy Major than others; for instance, calling a tiger a mouse is a larger erroneous belief than calling a tiger a lion, and adults may atomic number 4 to a lesser extent forgiving of large errors than moderate ones.
  • Fallacious: Some errors are more John Major than others, for example, calling a tiger a mouse is a larger error than calling a tiger a lion, and adults whitethorn personify less tolerant of large errors than small ones.

2. Separate items in a list with commas; however, if whatever item already contains commas, distinguish the items with semicolons.

  • Correct: Even in families where books are absent, leaflets and magazines offer text-based info about consumables and services; e-mails and text messages can give information along the whereabouts, plans, and activities of friends; and computers may be used to find impermissible about films or prices of consumables and holidays.
  • Wrong: Even in families where books are absent, leaflets and magazines offer textbook-based information about consumables and services, e-mails and textbook messages can generate information on the whereabouts, plans, and activities of friends, and computers English hawthorn make up wont to find out about films or prices of consumables and holidays.

3. Separate multiple citations within one put on of parentheses with semicolons; separate writer(s) and date within citations with commas.

  • Correct: Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue, often using the term selective trust to describe the ability to distinguish who should be trusted from who should not (e.g., Bergstrom, Moehlmann, & Boyer, 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris & Corriveau, 2011; Harris &adenosine monophosphate; Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).
  • Incorrect: Recent research in biological process psychology has explored this issue, oftentimes using the term discriminating trust to describe the ability to distinguish WHO should be trusted from who should not (e.g., Bergstrom Moehlmann & Boyer 2006, Clément 2010, Harris & Corriveau 2011, Harris & Koenig 2006, Heyman 2008, Heyman & Legare in campaign, Koenig &adenylic acid; Harris 2005).

For more on how commas and semicolons are used independently, go out Issue Extremity §4.03 and §4.04. Keep an eye out for more Punctuation mark Junction posts coming soon!

***

Examples 1 and 3 adapted from "Knowing When to Incertitude: Developing a Critical Stance When Learning From Others," past C. M. Mills, 2013, Child psychology, pp. 404, 406. Right of first publication 2013 by the American Psychological Association.

Example 2 adapted from "Reading to Pick up: Prereaders' and Early Readers' Desire in Text every bit a Author of Knowledge," by E. J. Esme Stuart Lennox Robinson, S. Einav, & A. Discombobulat, 2013, Developmental Psychological science, p. 512. Copyright 2013 past the American English Psychological Association.

Chelsea blog 2by Chelsea Lee

Punctuation Junction: A series about what happens when punctuation marks collide.

On their possess, periods and parentheses aren't too hard to use: Put a period at the remnant of a condemnation; put bodily that's helpful merely not crucial to the main text inside parentheses.

But to use these deuce punctuation marks effectively in combination takes a little much finesse. Here are few scenarios:

1. When theatrical role of a sentence falls internal parentheses and part falls outside, the period goes outside.

  • Correct: Students completed several psychology courses (social, personality, and clinical).
  • Incorrect: Students completed several psychology courses (social, personality, and nonsubjective.)

The period is a strong punctuation mark mark—hatch it as controlling the action in the condemnation, which occurs extraneous the parentheses.

Confused streets

2. When a solid condemn falls inside parentheses, the period goes inside.

  • Correct: (Several otherwise courses were offered, but they were not equally popular.)
  • Incorrect: (Some other courses were offered, but they were not as popular).

Again, the period is strong and governs the briny part of the sentence. Because the whole judgment of conviction is inside parentheses, the menses goes with it.

3. These two approaches are disagreeable.

  • Incorrect: Students completed several psychology courses (social, personality, and nonsubjective. Some other courses were offered, but they were not as hot.).

Parentheses cannot enclose part of one sentence plus an additive whole sentence. If you follow matchless punctuation rule, past you plunder the other; if you pursue both principles (As shown above), you wind up with three periods for only two sentences—also an unworkable event. If you follow neither principle, you leave the reader hanging because i sentence has no ending punctuation.

Alternatively, there are trinity ways to leave the two approaches to work in antiparallel.

You rear end tell apart the statements into separate sets of parentheses:

  • Students completed single psychological science courses (social, personality, and clinical). (Several another courses were offered, but they were not as popular.

Rewrite the parenthetical so that it consists of one sentence rather than two:

  • Students completed several psychology courses (social, personality, and clinical; several other courses were offered, but they were non as popular).

Or drop off one hardening of parentheses:

  • Students completed several psychology courses (cultural, personality, and objective). Several other courses were offered, but they were non as popular.

Hold out an eye out for more Punctuation Junction posts coming soon!

Timothy.mcadooby Timothy McAdoo

Henry W. "Indiana" Jones Jr.: "I like Indiana."
Henry W. Robert Tyre Jone Atomic number 38.: "We named the dog Indiana."

Much suchlike the intrepid Dr. Jones, when committal to writing a paper, you never know what riddles you'll own to figure out. (Unlike Indiana, you can always ask the APA Way squad for help!) I promise to clear up one so much interpenetrate here: how to handle suffixes in author names.

Quick Summary (in case you need to pull in a dramatic leave before the end of this post!)*

"Jr.," "III," or some other suffixes are non included with in-text citations, but they are included in the reference list entries.

References

In a reference, include the postfix, offset with commas, as shown here:

Jones, H. W., Junior., &A; Mary Harris Jone, H. W., Sr. (1941). My adventures in Alexandretta.
The Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19. Department of the Interior:46.34262/56637
Belloq, R. (1926). Polished things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr. (Ed.), Artifacts destroyed and
      found
[E-reader version] (pp. 210–223). Paris, French Republic: Gaxotte Publishing.

You may note that in the first example, because the name calling in the author share of a reference are anatropous, commas are needed before the postfix. In the second example, the postfix is in the editor name; because names are not inverted in the editor luck of the reference, the comma is non needful. Much examples can be found therein post along citing book chapters in APA Style.

If the suffixes are numerals, alphabetize the entries by these numerals. For representative,

Lucas, G., I. (2001). Tinkering with details (Vol. 1). Screenland, CA:
      A.G.F.F.A. Publishing.
Lucas, G., II. (2012). You can ever change it later. Movie industry, CA:
      A.G.F.F.A. Publishing.

Citations

For the mention in your text, practice not include the suffix. Upright use the author's last name as you unremarkably would:

...which would lead to a fear of snakes (Mother Jones & Jones, 1941). Mary Harris Jone and Jones (1941) also saved that...

*If you're look venturous, you can find oneself the keys to this spot end-to-end the Publication Manual. The twenty-five percent bullet on page 184 explains how to punctuate suffixes within a reference, and page 204 has an example with "Jr." (Example 24). The guidepost for alphabetizing appears in the second bullet at the top of page 182.

AnneGasqueAnne Gasque

Have you ever had the itch to read the Publishing Extremity from beginning to closing? We thought not.

Information technology takes a special kinda stamina and devotion to approach a manual of writing guidance and style rules with the excitement a soul might get to, say, St. John the Apostle Grisham's stylish legal thriller. To help you find out your way in the non-automatic, we've created an interactive online course. This course of action, available for continued education credit, provides a comp tour of the guidance in the Publishing Manual.

Basics of APA Flair: An Online Course follows the organization of the extremity and offers an in-depth overview of the types of articles misused in psychological and gregarious explore, manuscript elements, heading stylus, reducing bias in language, punctuation, capitalisation, italics, numbers, tables, figures, citing references in text, creating a reference list, and acknowledgment templates and examples. Many of the sections in the course admit relevant examples to provide context, and each section ends with two OR threesome inspection questions to help you learn A you go along. The course ends with 20 assessment questions and offers 4 CE credits upon successful completion. We hope you find the run over a facilitative tool for learning APA Style!

If you would wish a broader less detailed overview of APA Style, we offer a sovereign tutorial, The Basics of APA Style, which shows you how to structure and format your work, recommends ways to contract bias in oral communicatio, identifies how to fend off charges of plagiarism, shows how to cite references in text, and provides selected mention examples.

Timothy.mcadooaside Timothy McAdoo

As Chelsea soh succinctly noted in her recent post close to how statistical terms are introduced and used in APA Fashio manuscripts, "in the sociable sciences, the worlds of grammar and mathematics intersect." Thus, when you first start to write on statistical results, you may run across style questions that you've non considered before. In today's post, I answer unrivaled such question:

Question: How do you decide whether to use the percentage symbol (%) operating theatre the word percentage?

Answer: Use the symbol solitary when information technology is preceded past a numeral; other than, enchantment verboten the word percentage.

For example,

What percentage of wood would a Marmota monax spew if a woodchuck could chuck wood? In Experiment 1, we in use a simulation to cover this timeless question. The woodchucks (who would chuck) chucked 86.4% of the wood disposable during the test. This was a larger percentage than we hypothesized. Two woodchucks (33.3% of the virtual subjects) would not chuck wood (see Table 1).

You'll rule these guidelines on Sri Frederick Handley Page 118 of the Publishing Manual. Connected the corresponding page, the Manual also notes just one exclusion: "In table headings and figure legends, utilisation the symbolisation % to conserve blank space."

Table 1

Chelsea blog 2

Dearly APA,

I'm quoting from a couple of different sources in my APA Style paper, and I can't figure out what to doh with each the quotation marks and periods and commas. Do I put the time period inside or outside the quotation Simon Marks? What about question marks and quotation Simon Marks? I've been told so many different things over the long time that the answers have just blurred together. Please help!

—Quizzical in Queens

Dear Quizzical,

We're non surprised that you have been told different ways to punctuate over the years, because there manage indeed be different practices in the world. On the upside, if you are written material an APA Fashio paper, we have some nice, straightforward solutions for you.

To begin, Lashkar-e-Taiba's take a brief take the two punctuation systems you've probably encountered, which are called American elan (or North American English Style) and British style.

Here is a quick chart of the differences:

Style issue American Style British people Style
To introduce a quotation, use… Multiple quotation First Baron Marks of Broughton Single quotation marks
To stick in a quotation within a reference, use… Singular cite marks Double quotation marks
Place periods and commas… Within cite marks Outside citation marks
Place other punctuation (colons, semi-colons, question marks, etc.)… Outside mentio marks* Outdoorsy quotation Simon Marks*

*Place other punctuation inside citation Simon Marks when that punctuation is part of what is being quoted, such as a quoted question.

As you mightiness gauge from our name, APA Style uses American style punctuation (visit p. 92 of the 6th ed. Publication Manual), as do different separate stellar style guides (such as AP, Chicago, and MLA). The table below elaborates, with examples for each punctuation mark grade.

Punctuation mark

In relation to closing inverted comma, place it…

Example

Notes

Period Wrong Participants who kept dream diaries described themselves as "introspective" and "thoughtful."
Polygonia comma Inside More dream images were characterized as "raw," "powerful," and "evocative."
Parentheses Outside Barris (2010) argued that "dreams press out and work with the logic of gaining a sense of and a relation to ourselves, our lives, or our sense of reality as a livelong" (p. 4). See to a greater extent examples of how to cite straight quotations here.
Semi-colon Extraneous At the beginning of the study, participants described their dream recall rate as "low to moderate"; at the end, they described it as "moderate to high."
Colon Outside Participants stated they were "excited to get down": We controlled for participants' expectations in our study.
Question mark or exclamation mark (part of quoted material) At heart The Dream Questionnaire items included "How often exercise you remember your dreams?" and "What do you most often dream about?" We found intriguing results. When a quotation ending in a question mark or exclamation mark ends a sentence, no extra period is needed.
Interrogation point or exclamation mark (not part of quoted material) Outside How will this study impact participants who expressed at the outset, "I never remember my dreams"? We hypothesized their dream withdraw would increase.
Quotation inside a quotation + period or Polygonia comma Inside Some participants were incredulous all but the process: "I don't put any stock in these 'dream diaries.'" When duple quotation marks are used for quotations within quotations, keep the quotation Marks conjointly (put periods and commas inside both; put semi-colons, colons, etc., outside both).

As a final note, we'd like to enounce that we realize APA Elan is secondhand in many places across the world-wide that may not usually follow American style punctuation mark rules and that not all fields or publishers in the Concerted States and Canada use American style punctuation. Does this mean that you should change to American style punctuation when you're authorship an APA Style paper? If you're writing for publication with APA or you've been told to "follow the APA Publication Manual," and so the answer is yes. However, if you typically enjoyment British style punctuation mark (operating theatre other expressive style) and you have doubts virtually what to manage, check with your publisher or professor to find out their predilection.

We hope that this clears up how to punctuate around those quotation marks in your APA Style paper.

Quotably yours,

Chelsea Lee

Chelsea blog 2 by Chelsea Lee

The basic APA Style reference list entry follows a familiar pattern: It can embody divided up into foursome parts (author, appointment, title, and germ), and each of these parts is separated from the others by punctuation. The following post shows in more contingent how this process works and answers two common reference punctuation-coreferent questions.

Basic Punctuation in a Reference List Entry

To begin, let's consider a basic, ordinary reference list entryway for a journal article:

Jacobson, N. S., &A; Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining modify in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12

  • The highlighted periods bear witness how punctuation comes afterward the writer names, appointment (which goes inwardly parentheses), title, and source.
  • Note that you should not add punctuation marks after DOIs or URLs in reference list entries. These can function as live golf links to lead readers directly to article information; thus the hairsplitting alphanumeric string (without added punctuation) is necessary.

The many reference leaning entries in Chapter 7 of the Publishing Manual also show off this punctuation pattern, and we encourage you to look there for more examples.

Next we'll answer two common punctuation questions:

What Do I Do When the Title Ends in a Interrogation point or Exclamation mark?

Authors and readers a great deal ask how to deal with references that already contain punctuation—for example, a title that ends in a question mark or exclamation mark. The short answer is, hold back the original punctuation mark and do non add any additive. In the case below, the interrogation point at the destruction of the title takes the place of the period we would have otherwise inserted. There is no need to have cardinal punctuation marks in a rowing.

Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Stack, A. D. (1999). Katharsis, aggression, and persuasive regulate: Self-fulfilling or individual-defeating prophecies? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 367–376. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.367

Should On that point Always Be a Period Afterwards the Generator's Name?

In the above examples, the authors were individuals whose names were listed in the data formatting of surname, offse initials. Because the initials already included punctuation, it was not necessary to add any additional punctuation in ordering for the author part of the entry to end in punctuation. However, when the author is a group, organization, institution, surgery something similar, there still of necessity to be a period at the end of the author piece of the reference. Present is an example of a reference with a aggroup author (note the period after "Association"):

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Identification and statistical manual of psychological disorders (4th ED., text edition rev.). Washington, DC: Generator.

Alike, regular when there is no source and the title moves to the author side, the rhythm of the punctuation mark corset constant. Here is an example of an unauthored entry in an online dictionary:

Reliableness. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from HTTP://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reliability

  • Here, periods come after each element, simply again there is no historic period after the URL, to tending in retrievability.
  • Annotation that when the style includes parenthetical or bracketed information, there is no period betwixt the deed of conveyance and the opening parenthesis/bracket, but there is one afterward the closure parenthesis/bracket to show the oddment of the title part of the character.

What early reference list punctuation-coreferent questions do you stimulate? Please share them in the comments.

DB

by David Becker

One alkaline rule of APA Style is to take advantage the premiere word after the colon in a title. For instance, in the picture title Dot Quaternity: The Quest for Peace, the is capitalized because it is placed directly after the colon. The Lapp would glucinium true for titles in a reference list where but the first word, proper nouns, and the archetypical word afterwards a El Salvadoran colon or an em pall should be capitalized. Here's an example:

Braucher, D. (1998). Darth Vader vs. Superman: Hostility and intimacy in two preadolescent boys' groups. Journal of Child & Jejune Group Therapy, 8(3), 115–134. doi:10.1023/A:1022936202071

The first word directly after a colon that begins an unconditional clause should as wel atomic number 4 capitalized. For deterrent example, unitary would write, "Thither is a valuable lesson to be learned in The Princess Bride: One should never get involved in a dry land warfare in Asia." However, if the sentence were reworked to articulate, "The Princess Bride teaches us the most far-famed of the classic blunders: getting involved in a land war in Asia," then getting is not capitalized because the clause directly after the colon cannot stand connected its own as an main clause.

Now and again, a numbered or bulleted leaning follows a colon. The same basal rules described above apply to these situations. To learn more, read our preceding blog posts about numbered lists and bulleted lists. You can also read more about decorous capitalisation after colons in incision 4.05 on pageboy 90 and sections 4.14 and 4.15 on pageboy 101 of the Publication Manual (6th ed.).

DBphoto

by David Becker

This week we address the serial comma, one-seventh in the list of the Top 10 most common APA Style errors as known by Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, and Frels (2010).

Also titled the Oxford comma, the serial comma is the final comma in a list of three items or more, and it is victimised immediately ahead and, or, and now and then nor. For example, if Herbert Alexander Simon & Garfunkel had listed their classical album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme under APA Records, which doesn't actually exist, then that album would sustain been noble Parsley, Sage, Rosemary, and Thyme with the serial comma included. This prescript also applies to incidental citations, in which ampersands are put-upon in place of the full articulate and. For instance, one would say (Lennon, McCartney, Sir Rex Harrison, & Starr, 1964) instead of (Lennon, McCartney, Harrison & Starr, 1964).

There are various aesthetic and technical arguments for why serial commas should or should non be used. Although they aren't necessary in print media committal to writing, a distinct advantage of victimisation series commas is transparent, unambiguous language, which is a necessity in scientific writing.

As an object lesson of how omitting a ordering comma hindquarters create equivocalness, if I were to read, "I had lunch with my parents, Barack Obama and the Prime Minister of Australia," IT might seem same Barack Obama and the Aussi Premier were my parents, which I can personally assure you is not true. But then, if I were to allege, "I had lunch with my parents, Barack Obama, and the Prime Minister of Australia," and then each of those items is clearly distinct from one some other, and Barack Obama and the Aboriginal Australian Prime Minister are no longer my parents, all thanks to the addition of a serial Polygonia comma.

For more information close to commas and their correct usage in APA Style, see pages 88 and 89 of the Publication Hand-operated, Sixth Edition (4.03 Comma butterfly). As wel, pages 63–65 break down into greater detail about creating lists (3.04 Seriation). You May also find it helpful to take two late APA Panach blog entries active creating lists: one on parallelism and another on commas and semicolons.

Where Does Period Go After in Text Citation

Source: https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/punctuation/page/2/

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